Voltage Divider Circuit

Introduction:

A voltage divider circuit is a simple circuit which turns a large voltage into a smaller one. Using just two series resistors and an input voltage source, we can create an output voltage that is a fraction of the input. Voltage dividers are one of the most fundamental circuits in electronics. Voltage division is the result of distributing the input voltage among the components of the divider. A simple example of a voltage divider is two resistors connected in series, with the input voltage applied across the resistor pair and the output voltage emerging from the connection between them.

consider a voltage divider circuit as shown in figure.

This can be used to provide conversion of resistance variation into a voltage variation. the voltage of such a divider is given by the well-known relationship.

the voltage VD across R2 is given as

where

Vs = supply voltage

R1, R2 = Divider resistor

Either R1 or R2 can be the transducer whose resistance varies with some measured variable. When voltage divider circuit is used consider the following points.

1. The variation of VD with either R1 or R2 is non-linear either even if the resistance varies linearly with measured variable, the divide voltage does not vary linearly.
2. The effective output impedance of the divider is the parallel combination of  R1 and R2. this is not be high so consider loading effect.                                                                                                                                               
   
   
   
3. In this circuit current flows throw both resistor either power will be dissipation by including the transducer must be consider.                                                                                                                                                                       
   
   
   

  

Level Control Circuit

 Level Control circuit in Proteus

Description:

level control circuit is made up of different components as shown in figure basically it is main purpose to maintain the level of any tank or keep the level at a set point the ultrasonic sensor detects the level of the tank and generate the output signal gives to the Arduino Uno controller input pin. The controller generates the output signal as per the algorithm to the user define set point then 5volt relay operates in the controller output signal to on-off the motor.

Components: 

1.Arduino Uno

2.LCD display LM061L

3.Motor

4.Relay (5volt)

5.Potantiometer as POT-HG

6.Ultrasonic sensor

Software:

1.Arduino IDE

2.Programing

Programing:’
# include "LiquidCrystal.h"  //lcd libary     
LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7);   //LCD object Parameters: (rs, enable, d4, d5, d6, d7)
const int trigPin = 12; //trig pin connection
const int echoPin = 11;  //echopin connection
long duration;
int distanceCm;
float liquid;
void setup() {      // setup perameter
lcd.begin(16,2);                                                  
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(8,OUTPUT);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("  Distance    ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("  Measurement  ");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("    Made By    ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("rf230");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
}
 
void loop() {   // loop of flow program
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distanceCm= duration*0.034/2;                                                                                
lcd.setCursor(0,0);                                                
lcd.print("Distance Measur.");
delay(10);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Distance:");
lcd.print(distanceCm);
lcd.print(" Cm ");
delay(10);
if(distanceCm<=500)
{
  digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
}
else if(distanceCm>=1000)
{
  digitalWrite(8,LOW);
}
}

Notes: you make sure that the require library you have already download as "LiquidCrysrtal.h". go to tool bar select manage libraries then search LiquidCrysrtal.h and click on install button.